Since beginner exercisers or long term athletes may have an overload of negative sensory input, one possible strategy for adapting is dissociation. For instance, Morgan (1978) found dissociative marathon runners performed complex mathematical computations, imaged listening to Beethoven records, and relived entire educational careers. Morgan found others used specific relaxation devices of repeating a mantra or focusing on their shadow. Other examples of dissociation are letter writing, building a house, and listening to music. Lilliefors (1978) found that Don Kardong, a former elite marathoner, believed the relaxation of dissociation was essential for a race like the marathon because of the constant temptation to over-concentrate. One dissociative method that helped me as a beginning long distance runner in marine boot camp was the jody called out by the drill instructor. Listen to the example above to get the idea. Recordings of these can be used while running. Another method I picture is the old Nike ad of no finish line, below. This is like Mindfulness Cognitive Therapy helping me to relax in the present moment with no thought of the past or future. And just visualizing running on a deserted beach with the wind in my back also helps.
No finish line